is produced only in gold-mines

nātālis, e, adj. [natus, nascor], of or belonging to one's birth, birth-, natal:

hunc emortualem facere ex natali die,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 139:

nunc huic lenonist hodie natalis dies,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

natali die tuo scripsisti epistulam ad me,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1; cf.:

quem ego diem vere natalem hujus urbis aut certe salutarem appellare possum,

Cic. Fl. 40, 102:

natalis dies reditūs mei,

id. Att. 3, 20, 1:

scit genius natale comes qui, temperat astrum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 187:

tempus,

Ov. F. 6, 797:

lux,

id. Ib. 219:

hora,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19: humus. Ov. P. 2, 9, 78:

domus,

Val. Fl. 3, 321:

sterilitas,

native, Col. 3, 7: so,

natale decus,

Val. Fl. 6, 61.—

Subst.: nātālis, is (abl. natali;

rarely natale,

Luc. 7, 391; Inscr. Orell. 775; 2534; al. cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 228 sq.), m. (sc. dies).

Lit., a birthday:

ad urbem (veni) tertio Non. natali meo,

Cic. Att. 7, 5, 3:

natales grate numeras?

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 210:

meus est natalis,

Verg. E. 3, 76:

sex mihi natales ierant,

Ov. H. 15, 61:

Brutorum et Cassi natalibus,

Juv. 5, 37:

debemus mehercule natales tuos perinde ac nostros celebrare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 30, 1. On this day it was customary to make offerings, the men to their Genius, and the women to Juno, and to make presents to each other, Ov. Tr. 3, 13, 2; 5, 5, 1; Mart. 8, 64, 14.—

Transf., any anniversary, a commemorative festival.—Of the day of the foundation of Rome:

natali Urbis DCXXXII.,

Plin. 14, 4, 6, § 55.—(In eccl. Lat.) Of a martyr's death: dies in quo, lege functi carneā, in superna regna nascuntur Dei. Paul. Nol. Carm. 21, 171 sq. So of other anniversaries, Paul. Nol. Ep. 20, 3; Aug Serm. 15 de Sanct. init.; id. Serm. 310 in lemm. — Poet.:

natalem alicui eripere,

to prevent one's being born, Luc. 7, 390.—

In plur.: nātāles, ĭum, m., birth, origin, lineage, extraction, descent, family (postAug.):

natalium periti,

the casters of nativities, Sen. Q. N. 2, 32, 7:

Cornelius Fuscus claris natalibus,

of distinguished birth, Tac. H. 2, 86; cf.:

natalium claritas,

id. ib. 1, 49:

mulier natalibus clara,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 8:

quid, Catilina, tuis natalibus atque Cethegi Inveniet quisquam sublimius?

Juv. 8, 231:

dedecus natalium velare,

Tac. A. 11, 21: natalibus suis restitui or reddi, to be restored to one's birthright, i. e. to be [p. 1189] freed from slavery (because all men were regarded as originally free), Dig. 40, 11, 2:

libertus natalibus redditus,

ib. 38, 2, 3:

de restituendis natalibus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 73 (78). —

Transf., of things, birth, origin:

adamanti pallor argenti, et in auro non nisi excellentissimo natales,

i. e. is produced only in gold-mines, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 56:

arborum,

the seed, id. 17, 10, 14, § 73:

natales impatientiae,

Tert. Pat. 5:

a Pentateucho natales agnitionis supputabuntur,

id. adv. Marc. 1, 10.—

nātāle, is, n.:

et Musis natale in nemore Heliconis adsignant,

the place of birth, Plin. 4, 7, 12, § 25.

Nātālis, is, m., a Roman surname, e. g. Antonius Natalis, Tac. A. 15, 50, 54 sq.; 71.

nātālis, e, adj. [natus, nascor], of or belonging to one's birth, birth-, natal:

hunc emortualem facere ex natali die,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 139:

nunc huic lenonist hodie natalis dies,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

natali die tuo scripsisti epistulam ad me,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1; cf.:

quem ego diem vere natalem hujus urbis aut certe salutarem appellare possum,

Cic. Fl. 40, 102:

natalis dies reditūs mei,

id. Att. 3, 20, 1:

scit genius natale comes qui, temperat astrum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 187:

tempus,

Ov. F. 6, 797:

lux,

id. Ib. 219:

hora,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19: humus. Ov. P. 2, 9, 78:

domus,

Val. Fl. 3, 321:

sterilitas,

native, Col. 3, 7: so,

natale decus,

Val. Fl. 6, 61.—

Subst.: nātālis, is (abl. natali;

rarely natale,

Luc. 7, 391; Inscr. Orell. 775; 2534; al. cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 228 sq.), m. (sc. dies).

Lit., a birthday:

ad urbem (veni) tertio Non. natali meo,

Cic. Att. 7, 5, 3:

natales grate numeras?

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 210:

meus est natalis,

Verg. E. 3, 76:

sex mihi natales ierant,

Ov. H. 15, 61:

Brutorum et Cassi natalibus,

Juv. 5, 37:

debemus mehercule natales tuos perinde ac nostros celebrare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 30, 1. On this day it was customary to make offerings, the men to their Genius, and the women to Juno, and to make presents to each other, Ov. Tr. 3, 13, 2; 5, 5, 1; Mart. 8, 64, 14.—

Transf., any anniversary, a commemorative festival.—Of the day of the foundation of Rome:

natali Urbis DCXXXII.,

Plin. 14, 4, 6, § 55.—(In eccl. Lat.) Of a martyr's death: dies in quo, lege functi carneā, in superna regna nascuntur Dei. Paul. Nol. Carm. 21, 171 sq. So of other anniversaries, Paul. Nol. Ep. 20, 3; Aug Serm. 15 de Sanct. init.; id. Serm. 310 in lemm. — Poet.:

natalem alicui eripere,

to prevent one's being born, Luc. 7, 390.—

In plur.: nātāles, ĭum, m., birth, origin, lineage, extraction, descent, family (postAug.):

natalium periti,

the casters of nativities, Sen. Q. N. 2, 32, 7:

Cornelius Fuscus claris natalibus,

of distinguished birth, Tac. H. 2, 86; cf.:

natalium claritas,

id. ib. 1, 49:

mulier natalibus clara,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 8:

quid, Catilina, tuis natalibus atque Cethegi Inveniet quisquam sublimius?

Juv. 8, 231:

dedecus natalium velare,

Tac. A. 11, 21: natalibus suis restitui or reddi, to be restored to one's birthright, i. e. to be [p. 1189] freed from slavery (because all men were regarded as originally free), Dig. 40, 11, 2:

libertus natalibus redditus,

ib. 38, 2, 3:

de restituendis natalibus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 73 (78). —

Transf., of things, birth, origin:

adamanti pallor argenti, et in auro non nisi excellentissimo natales,

i. e. is produced only in gold-mines, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 56:

arborum,

the seed, id. 17, 10, 14, § 73:

natales impatientiae,

Tert. Pat. 5:

a Pentateucho natales agnitionis supputabuntur,

id. adv. Marc. 1, 10.—

nātāle, is, n.:

et Musis natale in nemore Heliconis adsignant,

the place of birth, Plin. 4, 7, 12, § 25.

Nātālis, is, m., a Roman surname, e. g. Antonius Natalis, Tac. A. 15, 50, 54 sq.; 71.

nātālis, e, adj. [natus, nascor], of or belonging to one's birth, birth-, natal:

hunc emortualem facere ex natali die,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 139:

nunc huic lenonist hodie natalis dies,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

natali die tuo scripsisti epistulam ad me,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1; cf.:

quem ego diem vere natalem hujus urbis aut certe salutarem appellare possum,

Cic. Fl. 40, 102:

natalis dies reditūs mei,

id. Att. 3, 20, 1:

scit genius natale comes qui, temperat astrum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 187:

tempus,

Ov. F. 6, 797:

lux,

id. Ib. 219:

hora,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19: humus. Ov. P. 2, 9, 78:

domus,

Val. Fl. 3, 321:

sterilitas,

native, Col. 3, 7: so,

natale decus,

Val. Fl. 6, 61.—

Subst.: nātālis, is (abl. natali;

rarely natale,

Luc. 7, 391; Inscr. Orell. 775; 2534; al. cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 228 sq.), m. (sc. dies).

Lit., a birthday:

ad urbem (veni) tertio Non. natali meo,

Cic. Att. 7, 5, 3:

natales grate numeras?

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 210:

meus est natalis,

Verg. E. 3, 76:

sex mihi natales ierant,

Ov. H. 15, 61:

Brutorum et Cassi natalibus,

Juv. 5, 37:

debemus mehercule natales tuos perinde ac nostros celebrare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 30, 1. On this day it was customary to make offerings, the men to their Genius, and the women to Juno, and to make presents to each other, Ov. Tr. 3, 13, 2; 5, 5, 1; Mart. 8, 64, 14.—

Transf., any anniversary, a commemorative festival.—Of the day of the foundation of Rome:

natali Urbis DCXXXII.,

Plin. 14, 4, 6, § 55.—(In eccl. Lat.) Of a martyr's death: dies in quo, lege functi carneā, in superna regna nascuntur Dei. Paul. Nol. Carm. 21, 171 sq. So of other anniversaries, Paul. Nol. Ep. 20, 3; Aug Serm. 15 de Sanct. init.; id. Serm. 310 in lemm. — Poet.:

natalem alicui eripere,

to prevent one's being born, Luc. 7, 390.—

In plur.: nātāles, ĭum, m., birth, origin, lineage, extraction, descent, family (postAug.):

natalium periti,

the casters of nativities, Sen. Q. N. 2, 32, 7:

Cornelius Fuscus claris natalibus,

of distinguished birth, Tac. H. 2, 86; cf.:

natalium claritas,

id. ib. 1, 49:

mulier natalibus clara,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 8:

quid, Catilina, tuis natalibus atque Cethegi Inveniet quisquam sublimius?

Juv. 8, 231:

dedecus natalium velare,

Tac. A. 11, 21: natalibus suis restitui or reddi, to be restored to one's birthright, i. e. to be [p. 1189] freed from slavery (because all men were regarded as originally free), Dig. 40, 11, 2:

libertus natalibus redditus,

ib. 38, 2, 3:

de restituendis natalibus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 73 (78). —

Transf., of things, birth, origin:

adamanti pallor argenti, et in auro non nisi excellentissimo natales,

i. e. is produced only in gold-mines, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 56:

arborum,

the seed, id. 17, 10, 14, § 73:

natales impatientiae,

Tert. Pat. 5:

a Pentateucho natales agnitionis supputabuntur,

id. adv. Marc. 1, 10.—

nātāle, is, n.:

et Musis natale in nemore Heliconis adsignant,

the place of birth, Plin. 4, 7, 12, § 25.

Nātālis, is, m., a Roman surname, e. g. Antonius Natalis, Tac. A. 15, 50, 54 sq.; 71.

nātālis, e, adj. [natus, nascor], of or belonging to one's birth, birth-, natal:

hunc emortualem facere ex natali die,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 139:

nunc huic lenonist hodie natalis dies,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

natali die tuo scripsisti epistulam ad me,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1; cf.:

quem ego diem vere natalem hujus urbis aut certe salutarem appellare possum,

Cic. Fl. 40, 102:

natalis dies reditūs mei,

id. Att. 3, 20, 1:

scit genius natale comes qui, temperat astrum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 187:

tempus,

Ov. F. 6, 797:

lux,

id. Ib. 219:

hora,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 19: humus. Ov. P. 2, 9, 78:

domus,

Val. Fl. 3, 321:

sterilitas,

native, Col. 3, 7: so,

natale decus,

Val. Fl. 6, 61.—

Subst.: nātālis, is (abl. natali;

rarely natale,

Luc. 7, 391; Inscr. Orell. 775; 2534; al. cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 228 sq.), m. (sc. dies).

Lit., a birthday:

ad urbem (veni) tertio Non. natali meo,

Cic. Att. 7, 5, 3:

natales grate numeras?

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 210:

meus est natalis,

Verg. E. 3, 76:

sex mihi natales ierant,

Ov. H. 15, 61:

Brutorum et Cassi natalibus,

Juv. 5, 37:

debemus mehercule natales tuos perinde ac nostros celebrare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 30, 1. On this day it was customary to make offerings, the men to their Genius, and the women to Juno, and to make presents to each other, Ov. Tr. 3, 13, 2; 5, 5, 1; Mart. 8, 64, 14.—

Transf., any anniversary, a commemorative festival.—Of the day of the foundation of Rome:

natali Urbis DCXXXII.,

Plin. 14, 4, 6, § 55.—(In eccl. Lat.) Of a martyr's death: dies in quo, lege functi carneā, in superna regna nascuntur Dei. Paul. Nol. Carm. 21, 171 sq. So of other anniversaries, Paul. Nol. Ep. 20, 3; Aug Serm. 15 de Sanct. init.; id. Serm. 310 in lemm. — Poet.:

natalem alicui eripere,

to prevent one's being born, Luc. 7, 390.—

In plur.: nātāles, ĭum, m., birth, origin, lineage, extraction, descent, family (postAug.):

natalium periti,

the casters of nativities, Sen. Q. N. 2, 32, 7:

Cornelius Fuscus claris natalibus,

of distinguished birth, Tac. H. 2, 86; cf.:

natalium claritas,

id. ib. 1, 49:

mulier natalibus clara,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 8:

quid, Catilina, tuis natalibus atque Cethegi Inveniet quisquam sublimius?

Juv. 8, 231:

dedecus natalium velare,

Tac. A. 11, 21: natalibus suis restitui or reddi, to be restored to one's birthright, i. e. to be [p. 1189] freed from slavery (because all men were regarded as originally free), Dig. 40, 11, 2:

libertus natalibus redditus,

ib. 38, 2, 3:

de restituendis natalibus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 73 (78). —

Transf., of things, birth, origin:

adamanti pallor argenti, et in auro non nisi excellentissimo natales,

i. e. is produced only in gold-mines, Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 56:

arborum,

the seed, id. 17, 10, 14, § 73:

natales impatientiae,

Tert. Pat. 5:

a Pentateucho natales agnitionis supputabuntur,

id. adv. Marc. 1, 10.—

nātāle, is, n.:

et Musis natale in nemore Heliconis adsignant,

the place of birth, Plin. 4, 7, 12, § 25.

Nātālis, is, m., a Roman surname, e. g. Antonius Natalis, Tac. A. 15, 50, 54 sq.; 71.

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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